{"id":450,"date":"2010-11-30T21:00:58","date_gmt":"2010-12-01T04:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/?p=450"},"modified":"2010-11-30T21:00:58","modified_gmt":"2010-12-01T04:00:58","slug":"dont-sleep-there-are-snakes-a-conlangers-review","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/?p=450","title":{"rendered":"Don&#8217;t Sleep, There Are Snakes: A Conlanger&#8217;s Review"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/exec\/obidos\/ASIN\/0375425020\/conlangorg-20\">Don&#8217;t Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle<\/a> recounts the experiences and research of author Daniel Everett with the Pirah&atilde;. Their language, also known as Pirah&atilde;, is notorious in linguistics circles for numerous traits uncovered by Everett. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/reporting\/2007\/04\/16\/070416fa_fact_colapinto\">The New Yorker<\/a> published an extensive article about Everett and his work in 2007 that does a good job of introducing readers to the controversy. Being neither a professional linguist nor having a particular linguistic axe to grind, I can&#8217;t contribute anything to that debate (nor would I want to wade into those waters); however, I can share some thoughts on the book and its story from a layperson&#8217;s perspective as well as provide some interesting <em>conlinguistic<\/em> titbits that the book has to offer.<\/p>\n<p>The book&#8217;s title comes from a common &#34;Good night&#34; phrase that the Pirah&atilde; say and is good advice for a culture living deep in the Amazon jungle. The native culture in which Everett and his family find themselves is vividly portrayed (and not sugar-coated). The book&#8217;s first section, roughly two-thirds, recounts the story of Everett and his family among the Pirah\u00c3\u00a3; the last third goes into more depth on the Pirah&atilde; language itself. Both sections are fascinating and include glimpses of the missionary zeal of Everett and his wife, unsettling cultural practices of the Pirah\u00c3\u00a3, humorous cross-cultural incidents, and much more.<\/p>\n<p>As usual, in book reviews here at The Conlanging Librarian, let&#8217;s examine some interesting linguistic twists that an enterprising conlanger might take advantage of from Pirah&atilde;. We&#8217;ll avoid the ones that many people may already know, including the language&#8217;s lack of recursion (see <a href=\"http:\/\/www.edge.org\/3rd_culture\/everett07\/everett07_index.html\">here<\/a>). The first concept that struck me was the idea of <em>kagi<\/em>. Let&#8217;s take some examples from the text to see this in action first:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;rice and beans&#8221; could be termed &#34;rice with <em>kagi<\/em>&#34;<\/li>\n<li>Dan arrives in the village with his children: &#34;Dan arrived with <em>kagi<\/em>&#34;<\/li>\n<li>Dan arrives in the vilage with his wife: &#34;Dan arrived with <em>kagi<\/em>&#34;<\/li>\n<li>A person goes to hunt with his dogs: &#34;He went hunting with <em>kagi<\/em>&#34;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Everett ends up translating the term <em>kagi<\/em> as &#34;expected associate&#34; with the expectation being culturally determined. A man&#39;s wife is <em>expected<\/em> to be associated with him. One <em>expects<\/em> a person to go hunting with his dogs. And so on.<\/p>\n<p>The terms <em>big&#237;<\/em> and <em>xo&#237;<\/em> are also associated with a culturally-determined meaning. The Pirah&atilde; believe in a layered universe. The <em>big&#237;<\/em> is the boundary between those layers. The <em>xo&#237;<\/em> is the entire biosphere between <em>big&#237;<\/em>.  To go into the jungle is to go deeper into the <em>xo&#237;<\/em>. To remain motionless in a boat is to stay still in the <em>xo&#237;<\/em>. If something falls from the sky, it may be said to come from the upper <em>big&#237;<\/em>. This way of dividing up the universe is similar in some ways to the way Deutscher described splitting up the visible spectrum in <a href=\"\/blog\/?p=413\">his book<\/a>. <a href=\"\/blog\/?p=413\">Deutscher&#8217;s book<\/a> also mentions fixed directional systems, and the Pirah&atilde; also use an upriver-downriver fixed point system instead of our left-right orientation. I still find this an interesting set of concepts to play with in a conlang.<\/p>\n<p>Everett also contends that the Pirah&atilde; do not have a number system. According to him, they use a system of relative volume: <em>hoi<\/em> can appear to mean &#34;two&#34; but, in reality, can mean simply that two small fish or one medium fish are relatively smaller that a <em>hoi<\/em> fish. Everett recounts the trials of attempting to teach a number of Pirah&atilde;s to count in Portuguese, with very little success. He even goes so far as to say that there are not even words for quanitifers like &#34;all, each, every, and so on.&#34; Instead, there are &#34;quantifierlike&#34; words (or affixes) that translate as <em>&#34;the bulk of&#34; (Lit., the bigness of) the people went swimming<\/em> and other relative terms. There are other words that mean the whole or part of something (usually something eaten). This way of looking at amounts, numbers, portions, etc., is fertile ground on which to play once again.<\/p>\n<p>Finally (but no means the last intriguing concept in the book), Everett talks about the tribe&#39;s use of the term <em>xibip&#237;&#237;o<\/em> which, loosely translated, means something like &#34;the act of just entering or leaving perception, that is, a being on the boundaries of experience&#34;. &#34;The match began to flicker. The men commented, &#39;The match is <em>xibip&#237;&#237;o-ing<\/em>&#39; . . . A flickering flame is a flame that repeatedly comes and goes out of experience or perception.&#34; However, the word can also be used for someone disappearing in a canoe around the bend in a river or for an airplane that just comes into view over the trees. The word has much wider connotations that an English-speaker saying something appears or disappears. <\/p>\n<p>I have no idea what Everett thinks of conlangers or the art of language creation or if he is even aware of us. The final section of the book is entitled &#34;Why Care About Other Cultures and Languages?&#34; and lays out a good rationale for why this is important. In the end, there really is no comparison between language creation and preserving endangered languages. As M.S. Soderquist said on <a href=\"\/quotations\/langcreat.html\">CONLANG-L<\/a>: Creating a new hobby language doesn&#8217;t affect natural languages any more than playing Monopoly affects the economy. Conlangers can get their inspirations from any source, and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/exec\/obidos\/ASIN\/0375425020\/conlangorg-20\">Don&#8217;t Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle<\/a> is a treasure trove of novel ideas as well as a a glimpse into another world and another culture and another way of seeing the world.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Don&#8217;t Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle recounts the experiences and research of author Daniel Everett with the Pirah&atilde;. Their language, also known as Pirah&atilde;, is notorious in linguistics circles for numerous traits uncovered by Everett. The New Yorker published an extensive article about Everett and his work in 2007 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,12,8],"tags":[116,52],"class_list":["post-450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-books","category-natural-languages","category-nonfiction","tag-piraha","tag-review"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=450"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":455,"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/450\/revisions\/455"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/library.conlang.org\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}